In contrast, levels of blood GSH, tGSH, GSH/GSSG, tGSH/GSSG, SAM/SAH, methionine, cysteine, vitamins (B9, B12, D, and E), and calcium were significantly decreased in ASD children relative to control subjects
Glutathione S-transferase in research subjects organs [PMID: 6679314] Laboratory literature summary: Glutathione S-transferase in research subjects organs
Iron overload induces M1 polarization, as confirmed by studies showing increased M1 markers, such as IL-6, TNF-, and IL-1, with a concurrent reduction in M2 markers, including tissue transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), effectively promoting M1-type macrophage polarization (97)
This adaptation preserves enteric neurons and maintains motility during subsequent infections, highlighting the capacity of the muscularis to balance immune activation with tissue protection, independent of direct effects on pathogen load