Because they're unstable, they can take electrons from other cells or react negatively with the molecules in a cell, setting off a chain reaction that terminates in apoptosis, or cell death.11 Oxidative stress can stem from various causes, such as smoking, drinking, environmental pollution, exposure to sunlight, and mental/physical stress.12 Although the body needs pro-oxidants, they can cause several detrimental health effects when present in overabundance without enough antioxidants to counter them, such as:13 Cancer Rheumatoid arthritis Kidney diseases Cardiovascular diseases Neurological diseases Respiratory diseases Psychological disorders Age-related degeneration Insider Tip: Glutathione is pronounced glu-ta-THI-one, with the stress on the third syllable
Yin X, Qiu Y, Zhao C, Zhou Z, Bao J, Qian W
We do not know what fraction reaches systemic circulation in humans, and "detectable GI effect" does not equal "adequate systemic bioavailability for joint repair." The acetate salt versus free acid labeling problem
Furthermore, inclusion of a His-tag during expression (for subsequent Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid purification) might alter protein folding and thus binding results (Ledent et al., Table 2)