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Isolation of synaptosomes Synaptosomes were isolated as described previously (66)

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), NSAIDs like ibuprofen and naproxen provide effective pain relief without the addiction risk, while therapies such as acupuncture and cognitive-behavioral techniques help manage chronic pain safely

Instead, their plausible contribution is indirect: by improving insulin sensitivity, reducing chronic low-grade inflammation, and supporting metabolic flexibility, postbiotics may enhance the efficiency of nutrient utilization and the anabolic response to protein and exercise

Over time, this may contribute to the depletion of glutathione stores as the body works harder to neutralise free radicals and environmental toxins