dpp 4 inhibitor and glp 1 agonist SGLT-2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors and risk of hyperkalemia among people with type 2 diabetes in clinical practice: population based cohort study Mechanism of action of GLP

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:183191

PD is an idiopathic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by heterogeneous pathophysiology with different molecular mechanisms across patients

APS may phosphorylate IRS-1 by the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt) signal pathway to promote the activation of the AMPK/acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) pathway and its downstream targets, glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxyl kinase (PEPCK), and gluconeogenic enzymes glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) phosphorylation, to improve glucose metabolism (Sun et al., 2019)

These molecules promote tissue damage by inducing oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory responses, significantly contributing to DKD progression and other diabetic complications, including cardiovascular disorders (191)