Plates were read at 405 nm and titers were defined as the log 3 serum dilution two-fold above background

For example, in order to maintain intracellular redox homeostasis and build a powerful antioxidant defense, cancer cells are typically characterized by high level of antioxidants, especially GSH with a high concentration of 10 mM, which is approximately ten times higher than that in normal cells ( In general, elevated GSH can be observed in many cancers, including lung cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and head-neck cancer, and this adaptive upregulation of GSH has various effects on tumor advancement, metastasis, and drug resistance ( via the multidrug resistance associated proteins (MRPs) efflux pump ( 3 GSH-responsive and -exhausting metal nanomaterials 3.1 Inorganic nanomaterials Inorganic nanomaterials that have intrinsically unique physicochemical properties and can provide satisfactory functionality show enormous potential in biomedical applications, especially in cancer therapy ( 2 O 2 , realizing tumor-specific catalytic therapy with response to the TME featuring overexpressed GSH and H 2 O 2 (Yin et al., 2019)

This novel approach boasts three significant advantages over conventional therapeutic modalities: namely, long-term efficacy, a reduced incidence of adverse effects, and the capacity to address tumour heterogeneity
PMID 20628086.