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Research remains exploratory, focusing on cellular communication, pathway duration, and system-wide signaling responses rather than clinical or physiological outcomes
MOTSc (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c) is a 16-amino acid peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), not nuclear DNA like most hormones and peptides
The rendered interface may add interactive details such as mobile navigation labels, product tabs, share buttons, related article cards, disclosure boxes, call-to-action buttons, vendor selectors, copy-code controls, email-code forms, footer navigation, and status labels
Presented for research literature review only Wang ST et al
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