An enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis showed that the higher cytokine secretion levels of IFN-, TNF- and interleukin 6 (IL-6, a critical modulator of innate immunity) in the AP20187 treated group compared to age-matched vehicle-treated controls could be observed
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In aged rat models, treatment increased activity of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase, improving overall oxidative defense
Collectively, these observations establish that NRF2 alone can sustain sufficient transcriptional output to maintain cancer cell line growth and that metabolic reprogramming of cells driven by NRF2 does not require redox buffering via enhanced glutathione production