1:2500, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), Drp-1 (1:2000, Novus Biotechnology, Littleton, CO, USA), Opa-1 (1:2000, Novus Biotechnology, Littleton, CO, USA), LC3A/B (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), Tom-20 (1:2000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA) and MnSOD (1:2000, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), Pink-1 (1:1000, BioVision Incorporated, Milpitas, CA, USA), Fis-1 (1:500, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA) and Parkin (1:500, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) for overnight
Choline: Is a fat emulsifier (dissolver) which aids in emulsifying cholesterol so that it does not settle on arterial walls Works well with Inositol to effectively utilize fats and cholesterol Deficiency of Choline can lead to cirrhosis and fatty degeneration of the liver and hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis)
Ruzza, P
While the body tries to adapt by producing more, long-term exposure and the natural aging process eventually lead to a deficit, leaving cells more vulnerable to oxidative damage