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2.2.3 Others Metformin influences the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the generation of ROS through the activation of AMPK, inhibition of the receptor for advanced glycation end products/nuclear factor kappa B (RAGE/NF-B) signaling pathway, and modulation of gene expression
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P.g administration also induces significant fungal dysbiosis (mycobiome), enriching pathogenic species such as Pyricularia pennisetigena , Alternaria alternata , and Candida glabrata , which correlate with alterations in host metabolic pathways, especially tryptophan metabolism ( P.g and its metabolites directly and indirectly compromise gut integrity by downregulating the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudins) and mucins (MUC2), leading to increased intestinal permeability (Tsuzuno et al., 2021
doi: 10.1128/mbio.00842-22 41 CallegariS.McKinnonR
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