22,23 In patients with a normal or low-normal serum vitamin B 12 level, complete blood count results demonstrating macrocytosis, or suspected clinical manifestations, a serum methylmalonic acid level is an appropriate next step 1,2,6,18 and is a more direct measure of vitamin B 12 's physiologic activity
doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.8.2436 25
Water-soluble or fat-soluble vitamins should last closer to the average of 1-2 years, provided they dont have any added oils or other perishable ingredients
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1730795 Received 23 October 2025 Revised 06 March 2026 Accepted 23 March 2026 Published 02 April 2026 Corrected 05 June 2026 Volume 13 - 2026 Edited by Andrea Tinelli, Veris Delli Ponti Hospital, Italy Reviewed by Feng Zhang, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China Minghong Sun, Southwest University, China Updates Copyright 2026 Lv, Li, Ding and Kuang