Impaired mitochondrial metabolism reduces ATP synthesis, thereby impairing cardiac and renal function ( 2.3 Endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress modulation Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), triggered by hypoxia, calcium dyshomeostasis, or autophagic impairment, disrupts the nitric oxide/reactive oxygen species (NO/ROS) balance, thereby activating cascades implicated in cardiovascular disease and diabetes
a trend which continued, resulting in a close to twenty-fold increase 17.9% in incident semaglutide patients between 2019 and 2023
This metabolically active WAT produces interleukins, adipokines, antimicrobial peptide (AMP) cathelicidin [36, 37] and possibly collagen type VI (COL6) contributing to disease mechanisms [38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47]
Frye, B., et al