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Several factors can impair B12 absorption: Reduced stomach acid production (achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria), common in older adults and those taking proton pump inhibitors or H2-receptor antagonists long-term, impairs the release of B12 from food proteins Pernicious anaemia , an autoimmune condition destroying parietal cells and reducing intrinsic factor production, completely blocks the primary absorption pathway Gastrointestinal disorders including Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or surgical removal of stomach or ileum sections directly damage absorption sites Metformin , commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes, may reduce B12 absorption through unclear mechanisms
Fat oxidation: Elevated IGF-1 levels are associated with increased fat metabolism and lean mass preservation during caloric deficits making it a popular choice during cutting cycles
RECOMMENDED ADD-ON TESTING FOR GUT RESTORATION PATIENTS For the most complete picture of gut health, our provider team recommends considering the following specialty tests alongside your Foundational Assessment
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