The experiments in a - k were repeated independently three times with similar results and representative results are presented
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Across multiple drug classes, common patterns emerge: Corticosteroids accelerate protein breakdown and deplete calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, zinc, and vitamin Cnutrients required for bone strength, collagen synthesis, and immune repair Acetaminophen consumes glutathione, increasing oxidative stress and impairing cellular recovery NSAIDs interfere with iron, folate, and vitamin C absorption while disrupting prostaglandin-driven tissue healing Opioids suppress endocrine and immune signaling necessary for regeneration Individually, these effects may appear modest
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.055 57 JiaJDouPGaoMKongXLiCLiuZet al