Neuroinflammation induced by TNF- can affect the signaling of neurotrophins such as NGF and BDNF, which are essential for neuronal survival, growth, and plasticity (Saghazadeh and Rezaei 2017)
By supporting anti-inflammatory and regenerative processes at the cellular level, GHK-Cu nasal sprays present a promising option for improving therapeutic strategies and clinical results
The two compounds engage complementary mechanisms
Four molecule families have peer-reviewed clinical evidence supporting their use in microinfusion-style delivery: copper tripeptide GHK-Cu (collagen synthesis, gene-expression modulation), recombinant epidermal growth factor or sh-Oligopeptide-1 (keratinocyte proliferation, dermal restructuring), polydeoxyribonucleotide PDRN (adenosine A2A receptor activation, fibroblast stimulation, anti-melanogenesis), and a multi-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid system (50 kDa to 2000 kDa fractions, each with different penetration depth and biological role)