On the other hand, peptides have a variety of effects, and may increase collagen, elastin, and glycoprotein production, thereby increasing skin thickness and elasticity
BPC-157 primarily promotes angiogenesis and collagen synthesis through the VEGF and FAK-paxillin pathways, while TB-500 promotes actin regulation, cell migration, and acute inflammation reduction
In fibroblast cultures, GHK-Cu has been shown to increase proliferation and upregulate markers of regenerative potential, such as integrins and p63, indicative of enhanced stemness and reparative capacity (Pickart and Margolina 2018
Common drivers include thyroid dysfunction (slowed motility), microbiome imbalance, inadequate hydration, low fiber, inactivity, or stress