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For example, in order to maintain intracellular redox homeostasis and build a powerful antioxidant defense, cancer cells are typically characterized by high level of antioxidants, especially GSH with a high concentration of 10 mM, which is approximately ten times higher than that in normal cells ( In general, elevated GSH can be observed in many cancers, including lung cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and head-neck cancer, and this adaptive upregulation of GSH has various effects on tumor advancement, metastasis, and drug resistance ( via the multidrug resistance associated proteins (MRPs) efflux pump ( 3 GSH-responsive and -exhausting metal nanomaterials 3.1 Inorganic nanomaterials Inorganic nanomaterials that have intrinsically unique physicochemical properties and can provide satisfactory functionality show enormous potential in biomedical applications, especially in cancer therapy ( 2 O 2 , realizing tumor-specific catalytic therapy with response to the TME featuring overexpressed GSH and H 2 O 2 (Yin et al., 2019)

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Researchers should always follow storage guidance carefully to help preserve peptide integrity throughout the study