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The recent data provide evidence that GLP-1R activation affects the mechanisms of signal transduction associated with insulin resistance, energy homeostasis of the brain, neurogenesis, synaptic functioning, neuroinflammation and other cell responses to stress, pathological protein aggregates, proteostasis, the cerebrovascular system, and the BBB [42]
Unlike classical inflammation (characterized by heat, redness, and pain), neuroinflammation primarily involves the release of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines, chemokines, and ROS) by resident immune cells, particularly microglia, the CNSs innate immune effectors [110, 111]
a d , Representative images of SPR binding assay of SMART1 to full-length Smurf1 ( a ), CRBN-TBD (thalidomide-binding domain
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