note that lactulose is not recommended as it may worsen bloating [14] [18] For abdominal pain : Antispasmodics (mebeverine, peppermint oil) taken before meals For global symptoms : Tricyclic antidepressants at low doses, with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) considered if TCAs are ineffective or not tolerated Psychological therapies have robust evidence in IBS management, including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), gut-directed hypnotherapy, and mindfulness-based interventions
Although direct effects of GLP-1 RAs on the GBM have not been fully elucidated, their anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and antioxidative properties may indirectly support GBM integrity
Use bacteriostatic water (not sterile water, which lacks the preservative needed for multi-use vials) 2
These nutrients are essential for supporting joint structure, reducing cartilage breakdown, and promoting long-term joint comfort and flexibility