Traditionally, peptides were produced using Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS), a method that is highly effective for research and small-scale production but becomes increasingly expensive and environmentally challenging at the scales required for the global GLP-1 market
However, prolonged or high-dose ketamine exposure induces a compensatory upregulation of NMDARs, increasing intracellular calcium ion influx and ROS production, ultimately leading to neuronal apoptosis (Liu et al., 2013)
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This inefficient process produces excessive lactic acid, alters cellular pH, and causes microscopic muscle damage that can take days or weeks to repair