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Subsequent in vivo evaluation confirmed that the MSC culture conditions that induced high levels of cellular GSH elicited a remarkable regeneration capacity of hES-MSCs at the chondral defect site, suggesting that combining the selection of appropriate cell culture conditions and the FreSHtracer cell sorting method could further potentiate cartilage repair in the chondral defect model

The mechanisms driving these effects are multifaceted, involving the suppression of neuroinflammation via the TLR4/NF-B pathway and restoration of brain energy metabolism through the activation of the AMPK and SIRT1/GLUT4 signaling cascades (Wang et al., 2023

Phthalates are widely used as plasticizers in various fields, including food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals

These findings suggest that oxidative mtDNA may serve as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) triggering inflammatory responses in dry eye