Binders are substances that latch onto toxins, heavy metals, and pathogens in the digestive tract, preventing them from being reabsorbed into the bloodstream
Most published GHK-Cu research uses the copper-bound form, since the copper coordination is what gives the molecule much of its studied activity
We found one done by Estee Lauder that briefly mentions AAP as an antioxidant that adds additional UV protection to sunscreen formulas
A number of natural products, such as triterpenoid saponins (Xu et al., 2018), schisandra lignans (Zhu et al., 2019), polysaccharides (Wang et al., 2018), iridoids (Shao et al., 2017), flavonoids and quinones (Darvin et al., 2018), have been shown to have protective activity against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity