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Additionally, long-term use of metformin is associated with vitamin B12 deficiency 2
Lyophilized (freeze-dried) powders require refrigeration or even freezing before reconstitution
While ruminants can synthesize B 12 via gut bacteria if soil cobalt levels are adequate, monogastric animals like swine and poultry require direct supplementation through fortified feed to maintain health and growth rates in intensive farming environments
This is not medical advice
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