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In vitro and animal studies have found that lipoic acid exhibits immunomodulatory properties through mechanisms that stimulate the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) (90, 91) a central regulator of innate immune functions and inhibits the migration of immune cells into the brain and spinal cord (92), possibly by decreasing endothelial expression of cell adhesion molecules, inhibiting expression of enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and/or reducing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (87, 89, 93, 94)
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PEGylation and Zwitterionization: pros and cons in the renal clearance and tumor targeting of near-IR-emitting gold nanoparticles
These systems allow researchers to measure endpoints such as glycerol release, fatty acid oxidation, gene expression changes, and receptor signaling activity under controlled laboratory conditions
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