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Weeks 3-6: Noticeable improvement in range of motion, reduced swelling, and accelerated tissue repair
The peptide triggers downstream signalling cascades (angiogenesis via VEGFR2, fibroblast migration via FAK-paxillin, nitric oxide system engagement) whose biological effects persist for days to weeks after the peptide itself has been cleared
Oxidation and other chemical degradation: BPC-157 does not contain cysteine, the most oxidation-sensitive residue in many peptides, so the dominant oxidative risk is lower than for cysteine-containing sequences
Melissa officinalis exhibits strong antioxidant properties, regulates lipid metabolism (Petrisor et al., 2022), and can also inhibit ferroptosis (Mousa et al., 2022), while ferroptosis exerts a significant pro-inflammatory effect
