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They play a key role in acute inflammatory responses and neurodegenerative diseases ( Figure 1 As important anti-inflammatory effector cells in the CNS, M2-type microglia are primarily activated under the regulation of Th2-type cytokines ( 3.1.2 Astrocytes In ischemic stroke, astrocytes exhibit a dynamic and bidirectional response, initially contributing to BBB dysfunction and edema formation through the release of pro-inflammatory factors and activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and later shifting to a neuroprotective phenotype by clearing glutamate, promoting BBB repair, and secreting neurotrophic factors to support tissue recovery ( From a molecular perspective, aquaporin-4 (AQP4) plays a central regulatory role in the process of end-foot swelling (54)