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Trimethylamine N-oxide impairs pyruvate and fatty acid oxidation in cardiac mitochondria
References 6B3J: Liang YL, Khoshouei M, Glukhova A, Furness SGB, Zhao P, Clydesdale L, Koole C, Truong TT, Thal DM, Lei S, Radjainia M, Danev R, Baumeister W, Wang MW, Miller LJ, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM, Wootten D
Individuals who should avoid or exercise extreme caution include: Immunocompromised patients : Those with primary immunodeficiency disorders, HIV/AIDS with low CD4 counts, active chemotherapy recipients, or individuals taking immunosuppressive medications (corticosteroids, biologics, transplant drugs) face increased infection risk Critically ill or hospitalized patients : Severely ill individuals, particularly those in intensive care settings or with compromised gut barrier function, should not receive probiotics outside controlled clinical protocols Patients with central venous catheters : Indwelling lines provide potential routes for bacterial translocation into the bloodstream Premature infants : The FDA issued a safety warning in October 2023 against using probiotics in preterm infants due to risk of invasive infection Patients with severe acute pancreatitis : Clinical guidelines from the American College of Gastroenterology recommend against probiotic use in this condition due to potential harm [15] [16] Additional populations requiring medical consultation: Pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult healthcare providers before using GLP-1 probiotics, as safety data in these populations remains limited
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