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doi: 10.1186/s10194-023-01635-9 Summary Keywords insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, antioxidant defenses, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism Citation Sun W, Chen T, Song M, Gao Y and Xu S (2025) Energy metabolism disorders in migraine: triggers, pathways, and therapeutic repurposing

An ethylene-responsive enhancer element is involved in the senescence-related expression of the carnation glutathione-S-transferase (GST1) gene

To this regard, GSH may also have direct anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential: indeed a computational study indicates that the binding of spike protein to ACE2 is maximal when ACE2-sulfur groups are in the form of disulfides and impaired when fully reduced to thiols: hence a prooxidant environment with low levels of GSH would favor viruses cellular entry (Hati and Bhattacharyya, 2020)

Second, they suppress inappropriately elevated glucagon secretion from pancreatic -cells, thereby suppressing hepatic glucose overproduction