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185 Estrogen taken orally undergoes transformation in the liver prior to reaching the systemic bloodstream, a phenomenon known as first pass. The by-products of estrogen metabolism in the liver have more negative side effects, particularly cardiovascular effects, than estrogen
Despite advances in treatment modalities, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy, the development of pharmacological resistance poses a critical challenge, undermining treatment efficacy and leading to disease recurrence and metastasis
Wang Q, Chen C, Ding Q, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Chen J, et al
From a mechanistic perspective, chronic iron accumulation creates a permissive environment for ferroptosis by increasing the labile iron pool, promoting lipid peroxidation, and overwhelming antioxidant defense systems such as the GPX4glutathione axis
