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In addition to neurotraumatic and neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, such as pediatric epilepsies, are increasingly recognized as targets for immunotherapy, particularly in cases where immune dysfunction contributes to seizure pathology
Mechanistically, TMAO exacerbates IBD pathogenesis by modulating key signaling pathwaysincluding endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) via protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) activation, NF-B-driven proinflammatory cytokine production, and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosisthereby disrupting intestinal epithelial integrity, amplifying macrophage and T cell activation, and skewing immune homeostasis toward a proinflammatory milieu
& Poyatos, J
NCBI 4
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