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Abbreviations AC: Adenocarcinoma AIE: Aggregation-Induced Emission AKT: Protein Kinase B ARE: Antioxidant Response Element BSA: Bovine Serum Albumin BSO: Buthionine Sulfoximine CAT: Catalase CDT: Chemodynamic Therapy Ce6: Chlorin e6 CPT: Camptothecin CuNCs: Copper Nanoclusters DDS: Drug Delivery System DOX: Doxorubicin DSBR: Double-Strand Break Repair DSBs: Double-Strand DNA Breaks EBRT: External Beam Radiotherapy EMT: EpithelialMesenchymal Transition ERK: Extracellular SignalRegulated Kinase GPx/GPX4: Glutathione Peroxidase/Glutathione Peroxidase 4 GSR/GR: Glutathione Reductase GSTs: Glutathione S-Transferases Hcy: Homocysteine HIF-1: Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-alpha HRR: Homologous Recombination Repair ICD: Immunogenic Cell Death IDH1/IDH2: Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1/2 IDO-1: Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 IR806-PDA: Photoacoustic Probe IR806-Pyridinedithioethylamine JNK: C-Jun N-terminal Kinase KEAP1: Kelch-like ECH-Associated Protein 1 LCC: Large Cell Carcinoma ME1: Malic Enzyme 1 MONs: Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging MSNs: Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles mTOR: Mammalian Target of Rapamycin MMP: Matrix Metalloproteinase NHEJ: Non-Homologous End Joining NF-B: Nuclear Factor Kappa-light-chain-enhancer of Activated B cells NO: Nitric Oxide Radical NRF2/Nrf2: Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 NSCLC: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer PA: Photoacoustic PDT: Photodynamic Therapy PEG: Polyethylene Glycol PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase PPP: Pentose Phosphate Pathway PTT: Photothermal Therapy PTEN: Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog RAS: Rat Sarcoma Oncogene ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species RNS: Reactive Nitrogen Species SDT: Sonodynamic Therapy SeSe: Diselenide Linkage SOD: Superoxide Dismutase SS: Disulfide Linkage TME: Tumor Microenvironment TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor TRX/Trx: Thioredoxin TrxR: Thioredoxin Reductase References Arfin S, Jha NK, Jha SK, Kesari KK, Ruokolainen J, Roychoudhury S, et al

Comparative studies of GH fragments versus intact GH on metabolic readouts

As the body's most abundant intracellular antioxidant, glutathione donates electrons to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS)