This transport role mediated by the carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-I/CPT-II) enzyme system is L-carnitine's central and most extensively documented mechanism, making it a foundational molecule in research on fatty-acid metabolism and mitochondrial energy production
Currently, there are clinical studies using AAV vectors to transfect sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca (2+)-ATPase (SERCA2a) to treat heart failure [255, 256]

B12 has many functions in our body, so unfortunately a deficiency will give rise to a wide variety of symptoms, like brain fog, memory problems, cognitive impairment, insomnia, headaches, especially migraine, behavioural changes, learning problems, nominal aphasia, mood swings, irritability, depression, anxiety, hallucinations, delusions, psychosis, peripheral paraesthesia (pins and needles), numbness, neuropathic pains, poor balance, reduced vibration sense or proprioception (joint position sense), tinnitus, ataxia, taste impairment, sometimes myelopathy, fatigue, anaemia (either with larger red blood cells, or with normal size of the red blood cells when there is also iron deficiency), other reduction in blood cells, abdominal complaints, malabsorption, failure to thrive, weight loss, diarrhoea, hyperpigmentation, glossitis, (aphthous) stomatitis, infertility, urinary tract infections, joint and muscle pain, muscle weakness, spasticity, seizures, cardiomyopathy, urinary and/or faecal incontinence, postural hypotension/dizziness, erectile dysfunction, to name a few

Published records include a small healthy-volunteer PK/PD study and a phase 2 postoperative-ileus trial