ROS and oxidatively modified macromolecules function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), engaging pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on microglia, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs), to initiate inflammatory cascades ( Microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, are tightly regulated under physiological conditions to maintain neural homeostasis
The MDS-UPDRS-3 is the gold-standard physician rating scale used to quantify motor deficits in patients with PD
Inactive: Cyanocobalamin is the synthetic form of vitamin B12
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