Xie et al., 2016), which induces an adaptive immune response, via cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-, IFN-, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) (Xie et al., 2016)
One of the most powerful and well-researched among them is GHK-Cu , a copper-binding peptide known for its regenerative, anti-inflammatory, and reparative properties
A larger follow-up RCT (n=72 older adults) confirmed these findings, additionally demonstrating improvements in gait speed (+0.14 m/s), grip strength, 6-minute walk distance, waist circumference reduction, and systolic blood pressure reduction (Kumar et al., J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2023) [21]
Clinical Evidence and Statistics A clinical trial 6 involving topical GHK-Cu in human volunteers (n = 40, age 4065) showed significant reductions in wrinkle volume (~31.6 %) and depth (~32.8 %) compared to vehicle control over 8 weeks