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Migraine is closely related to CVS.1,86 The prevalence of migraine in adults with CVS varies from 13% to 70%.63,87 In addition, 57% of adult patients with CVS (with or without migraine) have a first and/or second degree relative with migraine or migraine variants.63 Whether the treatment of migraine independently improves the evolution of CVS is not clear but many medications are efficacious prophylactic therapies (such as tricyclic antidepressants [TADs] and antiepileptics) or abortive therapies (such as triptans) for both conditions

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GLP-1R agonists may exert antidepressant effects by modulating inflammatory processes in the brain Chronic inflammatory processes in the brain associated with excessive activation of microglia and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines are one of the key factors leading to the development of depressive symptoms, as patients suffering from this mental illness are very often characterized by elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interferon-gamma (IFN-) in the cerebrospinal fluid and the blood [59,60,61]

doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2017.10.007 29 ShiYAvatapalleHBSkaeMSPadidelaRNewbouldMRigbyLet al