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Role of the gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis: what have we learnt in the past 10 years

Wiley Online Library, John Wiley & Sons

Ingredients Aqua (Water), Propanediol, Glycerin, Betaine, Allantoin, Glutathione, SH-Oligopeptide-1, SH-Oligopeptide-2, SH-Polypeptide-1, SH-Polypeptide-11, SH-Polypeptide-9, Sodium Hyaluronate, Ammonium Acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP Copolymer, Xanthan Gum, Caprylyl Glycol, Lecithin, Bacillus/Soybean/Folic Acid Ferment Extract, Acetyl Glutamine, Sorbitol, 1,2-Hexanediol, Citric Acid, Tropolone, Sodium Benzoate, Potassium Sorbate, Butylene Glycol The ingredient list may be subject to change

Among the passage routes of drugs via nasal mucosa, large molecules like peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids are often reported to cross the nasal epithelium following the transcellular pathway or endocytosis (Illum, 2003