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In the HG/TGF--induced HK-2 and STZ-induced diabetic rat models, the expression of the relevant mitochondrial functional proteins PINK1, Parkin, Fundc1, LC3II, Atg5, MFN2, and MFN1 was significantly reduced, and vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonist treatment increased the expression of the relevant proteins, alleviated the dysfunction of mitophagy, inhibited mitochondrial fission, reduced mitochondrial ROS, and increased the integrity of MAMs, leading to the conclusion that VDR agonists can promote the restoration of mitophagy by regulating the MFN2-MAMs-Fundc1 pathway in renal tubular cells, and thus play a nephroprotective role [138]
In Phase I, participants completed an OCC (1.5 g L-carnitine) to identify high TMAO producers (increase 5 mol/L)
GLP-1 RAs are being studied [archived link] for use in many other medical conditions, including fatty liver disease, Parkinsons disease, and substance use disorders, among others
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