Macrophage subsets (MAC.1, MAC.2) were distinguished by high expression of CD68, CEBPB , and FCER1G , while a third cluster (Inf.MAC) expressed NLRP3 and showed an inflammatory, cytokine-enriched, and pro-angiogenic profile with markers like IL1B and CCL3
When combined with peptides such as MOTS-c, SS-31, or NAD+, it offers a comprehensive research model for studying anti-aging mechanisms, mitochondrial protection, and energy system preservation
Prediabetes is defined as A1C 5.76.4%, fasting glucose 100125 mg/dL, or 2-hour glucose 140199 mg/dL
404,405,406 These cells not only respond to signals from leptin and insulin but also adapt to alterations in brain metabolism to accommodate behavioral changes by controlling glucose transport