Employing preclinical, ex vivo, in vivo, and in vitro model systems investigators determined that GLP-1 agonists exert anti-inflammatory and immune modulating effects through their effects on macrophages (reduced interleukin [IL] 1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF], and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand [CXCL]), T and B lymphocytes (reduced cluster of differentiation [CD] 4 cells), monocytes (increased IL-10), mononuclear cells (decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]1, cell death protein [PD],, CD4 and CD8 T cells) [51,52,53,54,55]
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Scientists isolated a portion of a larger protective protein in stomach secretions and synthesized a stable version for research purposes
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