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Nevertheless, cystine is taken up by some cells (i.e., endothelial cells) and, given the high reducing conditions, is intracellularly reduced to cysteine, employed for the synthesis of GSH ( The last GSH synthetic process is the one depending on the conversion of the oxidized dimer GSSG to 2 reduced GSH molecules in cells by glutathione reductase (GR), an ubiquitous enzyme of the family of disulfide reductases, in the presence of NADPH and flavin adenine dinucleotide -FAD-
Dated regulatory timeline (2023 2026) Each entry is a real, sourced event
It activates antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), promotes collagen and elastin synthesis, and suppresses fibrotic pathways by inhibiting TGF-?1 signaling
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