Further mechanistic investigations have implicated GHK-Cu in the activation of the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant response pathway in cultured cells, where it appears to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) burden independently of direct radical scavengingsuggesting an indirect, gene-regulatory mode of action rather than purely stoichiometric antioxidant chemistry
in vitro and animal studies have linked thymosin beta-4 overexpression to increased tumor size and metastasis in several cancer types (including colorectal and pancreatic cancer), leading researchers to flag a theoretical cancer-promotion risk, particularly for anyone with an active malignancy or recent cancer history Self-reported effects compiled from user and case reports, not controlled trials, include injection-site redness or itching, transient fatigue, and headache
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The studies look promising